At top of sheet, Bentham has noted: ‘ 2 Sept. 1819. Better not employ these 13 pages under Fallacies - not being sufficiently relevant: Quere whether any where, and where else?’

§. Opposite to this fallacy is close-reasoning: ex gr. as employed in apposite nomenclature and classification.

Opposite to this direct mode of contestation is the mode already so well known, and commonly designated by the appellation of close-reasoning.

In proportion as a man's mode of reasoning is close (always supposing also his intention honest) for the designation of every object which he has occasion to bring to view, he employs in preference the most particular form of expression that he can find: that form which shall be best adapted to the purpose of bringing to view, to every mind with which he has to deal every thing which is its object to bring to view, as clear as possible from every thing which the purpose does not require to be brought, and which in consequence it is his endeavour to avoid bringing to view.