1823. May 2.

Leading Principles

S.1. Ends arrived at

1.

1. All-embracing end of this Constitution, maximizing national felicity, in so far as depends on Government.

2

2. Of all, in so far as no competition: of greatest number, in so far as competition has place.

3.

2. Sole right and proper, primary, all-comprehensive and direct end, the above: right and proper secondary all-embracing but collateral end, minimization of expence.

4.

All felicity is good: but all government is in itself an evil: good, only relatively, and in so far as it excludes greater evil: evil produced by it in this view at it's expence.

5.

Specific and jointly all-embracing ends — 1. Subsistence 2. Abundance 3. Security 4. Equality

6.

[Exposition?] Matter of subsistence every thing by want of which, positive suffering would be produced.

In so far as distinct from security, time it refers to is but one instant.

7.

Applied therefore to subsistence, maximization can afford nothing but extent, i.e. number, of the individuals.

8.

Abundance, an instrument of felicity. 1. on it's own account. 2. as security for subsistence.

9.

Security is 1.for good; 2. against evil. Interconvertible the expressions — fugitive the distinction: such the inconvenience, perhaps irremediably, attached to language. But to some purposes the one, to others the other; is most convenient.

10.

The good for which security is may be , 1. Property: i.e. matter of subsistence & abundance 2. Power 3. Reputation. 4. Conditions in life.

Power: viz. 1. domestic: 2. political.

Of condition in life, the good is composed of property, power & reputation.

11.

Security for persons is security against the evils, of which a man's person may be the seat: person, includes body and mind.

12.

Evil is 1. from calamity, i.e. non human agency: 2. from hostility: i.e. human agency.

13

Principal shapes of calamity 1. Inundation 2. Conflagration. 3. Pestilence. 4. Famine: though to all, may human agency be instrumental.

14.

[Note?] Add collapsion when in large masses.

15.

Hostility is of enemies: i.e. 1. External. 2.Internal.

16.

Internal adversaries are evil doers. 1. Unofficial. 2. Official.

17.

Unofficial, are stiled malefactors, offenders, delinquents, criminals: these are resistible: mostly with success.

18.

Official, namely the head, & all inferiors in so far as supported by the head, are irresistible. These have no such dyslogistic names.

19.

In a community, evil is as magnitude and extent: magnitude as intensity and duration, or extent as number of sufferers.

20.

Minute in all these elements is the evil by which the community may suffer from unofficial compared with from official adversaries yet is this last evil over- looked: the authors of that covered with reproach; of this, with praise.

3* The sole and actual end of government, in so far as it is good. Actual desired ends of all government, the felicity of the governor. In so far as the governed are governors, the right and proper end and the actual end coincide.

8* Subsistence, though the matter of it is included in the matter of abundance, yet, considered as an end in view no more can be distinguished from it: it is only the expence of abundance that subsistence, can in request of maximized, be managed.