1822 Aug. 24

Constitut. Code.

1.

Instruments of good and bad Rule: incorporeal felicity being the universal end, d o. and its opposite are not only the universal subject matter of all operations, but also the instruments or of operating towards that end. No otherwise than by means of pleasure and pain can sensitive beings be rendered productive of either.

2.

Differ, however, from the appellations employed in speaking of them as ends those employed in speaking of them as means.

3.

1. Force, intimidation, and remuneration — instruments of all rules thence of good rule.

4.

1. Force: viz. physical seat of it, body. Without this, then other instruments can not be brought into action.

For conduct of government, things are not less necessary to be operated upon than persons: only by physical force can things be directly operated on.

So as to persons: only by force can an obstinate intruder be removed out of a house, if neither intimidation nor remuneration prove effectual.

5.

2. Intimidation. This is force applied to mind. It is eventually efficient — cause of infelicity: evil so applied: punishment is the most prominent and extensive instance of its application: under Good Rule, punishment evil — pain-applied to a man in case of his failing to contribute in the manner indicated to the maximization of felicity.

6.

3. Remuneration. This is eventually efficient cause of felicity, good: applied to the purpose in question in consideration of a man's having contributed, or being engaged or expected to contribute to felicity in some shape and occasion indicated or not indicated.

7.

Distinction between external and internal instruments of felicity. See above or below.

7 (a).

1. Imperfection not furnishing a word for hope existing analogous to intimidation.

2. Practically useful source of instruction, analogy between punishment and reward.

7 (a) contin d.

3. To reward is to punish - superfluous remuneration is depredation: practical results these.

4. Hence, what men learn to apply to reward whatsoever frugality they apply to punishment.

8.

By good rule, intimidation and allurement are minimized: by mis- rule maximized.

9.

1. Intimidation minimized. Reason, it can not operate unless followed every now and then by punishment: producing sufferance: and itself it involves sufferance.

10.

2. Allurement affording prospect of remuneration minimized.

Reason. By Government good can not be procured but by means of evil rather of good and d o. of evil are a great extent the same thing. Witness power & wealth by ingress enjoyment produced: by egress lost and suffering substituted.