[xxxvi. 30]

1821. April 25.

First Lines

The consequence is, that if as between the inward sensation and the external cause - between the quantity of actual gratification and the quantity of the instrument of gratification - the proportion were correspondent, and kept pace, the intensity of the gratification afforded to the Royal Rider by the view of the humiliation submitted to by the most noble holder of the horse, would be ten times the amount of the gratification afforded to that most excellent King by the view of the humiliation, if any, submitted to by the untitled but well-skilled holder - a hundred times the mount of the gratification, if any, by the view of the service performed by the unskilled as well as untitled and rather honored than humiliated holder of the horse, attendant on the will and pleasure of the image of the divinity of Gods vice-gerunt upon earth.

[xxxvi. 31]

1821. April 24.

First Lines

III. Delusion. It remains to be shown how it is that, by one and the same quantity of the matter of wealth consumed in waste - wsted in the vain endeavour to inject an additional quantity of happiness into a receptacle over and over again disabled from the capacity of receiving any more - how, by this same quantity of wealth, in addition to the purpose of producing corrupt obsequiousness, the purpose of producing delusion is but too effectually and intensively accomplished.

In the case where production of corrupt obsequiousness was the object, the persons on /over/ /to/ whom the operation was performed were the sub-ruling influential and opulent few, with no other addition than that of that comparatively small portion of the subect many, to the effect of producing correspondent corrupt obsequiousness. the corruptive influence of those their superiors could be extended /applied/. In the case of delusion, the persons, on whom the operation is performed / in whose instance/ on whom/ the effect is endeavoured to be produced, are, in adition to the sub ruling, the influential and the opulent few - (for these are not less exposed to, nor less susceptible of, the delusion than the many) - the subject many likewise: in a word, the whole of the community without exception - the Royal Chief /Head/ himself, by whom the benefit /profit/ of the delusion was reapedin the greatest abundance, not excepted.

By delusion, on this occasion as on thers, understand

On this as on other occasions, such is the ambiguity and imperfection of language, to the word delusions as to so many others that exhibit the same grammatical form, sometimes the /an/ active sense, sometimes a passive sense, is atributive of this as of so many other words wearing the same grammatical form, use is made sometimes in an active, sometimes in a passive sense: sometimes it is employed to designate the act whereby an erroneous opinion is produced, sometimes the erroneous opinion so produced

[xxxvi. 32]

1821. April 25.

First Lines

The opinion entertained which, in the case in question, is, by /that/ the quantity of the matter of wealth so employed, and produced, and for the purpose of securing universal obsequiousness, endeavoured to be produced is - that, by the persons by whom the quantity of the matter of wealth in question is possessed, and for the advancement of their own particular interest, according to the conception entertained by them of that same interest, employed in the endeavour to afford additional gratification to their respective appetites is effectually employed /if not employed/ in the making a clear addition to the happiness of the gretest number, is employed at any rate in /to/ some either equally or superiorly proper purpose: for that Whatsoever be the quality or other thing designated by the word excelence, such is the excellence that belongs to them - whatsoever quantity (whether it be exaltations in the scale of virtue public or private, or both, or exaltation in any other scale of still superior dignity - say for example piety) - whatsoever quantity of the matter of wealth instead of being left in each instance at the disposal of those /him/ by whose labour and capital it has been poduced, is employed in the endeavour to afford additional gratification to the appetites of these same exalted persons, is employed in a manner more useful, more dignified, or, on some other account, more laudable, than it would have been had it been left to pursue its original and originally intended /first/ destination as above.

[xxxvi. 33]

1821. April 25

First Lines

In regard to usefulness, (if so plain and vulgar an effect and quality were regarded as worth attending to), it would lie on those by whom, on this ground, the transferring /diverting/ of the matter in question from its originally intended destination, to the new one were justified - (from that destination /purpose/ but for which it would not have been produced, and by /from/ which alone the labour employed in the production of it, could receive its compensation and due reward), to a purpose so different from, and incompatible with, the only purpose for which it was produced. In regard /prove it: but in regard/ to this quality the existence of it being in its own nature altogether incapable of being proved is of necessity and with the utmost composure assumed.

If ever /of/ the existence of it /proof/ should be endeavoured to be proved /made/, it must /would/ of necessity be in some such shape as this: the quantity of obsequiousness necessary to the production of good government - and thence, /is by means of the application thus made of the quantityin question of the matter of wealth actually promoted/ if so pedantic and uncourtly, democratical, jacobinical, anarchical, impious, and blasphemous a phrase be insisted upon, the greatest happiness of the greatest number is insisted upon is promoted by means of the applicayion thus made of the quantity in question of the matter of wealth, actually promoted: but as of of that quantity of wealth no part at all were thus employed, civil society would not, to any effect, have existence, so by any and every defalcation made from the quantity of that precious matter thus applied, a proportionable defalcation from the quantity of happiness enjoyed by the greatest number would be made.

[xxxvi. 34]

1821. April 25.

First Lines

To this latter assertion there are two answers.

One is - that it is a mere assertion altogether destitute of any ground that ever has been attempted to be made, or, in the nature of the case is capable of being made.

The other is - that such experience, as the nature of the case has been capable of furnishing, operates, the whole of it, in contradiction to this same assertion. The practical states by which this body of experience has been furnished are the confederated body of the Anglo-American States: original number of them, at the time of their declaration of independence, thirteen: but since that number, by successive accessions, augmented to its present number 22 or 23. In no one of these has the matter of wealth, in any quantity whatsoever, been applied to the gratification of personal appetite in any shape, the person of the chief or any other functionary, or to the purpose of producing by means of corruptive influence, corrupt obsequiousness, or to any purpose to which the appellation of delusion can with any propriety be applied. If in the person /situation/ of the chief functionary of the whole confederacy, the matter of wealth has in any quantity, been applied to any one of these purposes, so small is the utmost quantity that can be suspected of being so applied, it can scarcely, with reference to any such subject as that in question, be said to be /spoken of as/ worth notice.

Thus much for causes: now as to effects.

[xxxvi. 35]

1821 April 10

Financial

Rudiments to be [...?] from.

Sources of wasteful Expenditure. 1. Unnecessary war. 2. Difference between the pay of a Monarch and d o. of the Chief of a Representative Democracy. 3. In particular, all expenditure applied to the maintenance of lustre, splendour, dignity. 4. Expenditure applied to the advancement to purely ornamental art and science. 5. Where the function itself is necessary, expenditure applied to the pay of a superfluous number of functionaries. 6. So pay in superfluous quantity to each or any functionary. 7. Distant dependencies - all dependencies the maintenance of which costs, by reason of their distance, more money than is or can be extracted from them by the governing country in such sort as to operate pro tanto in diminution of the taxes imposed upon it. 8. Encouragement applied to this or that branch of production under the notion of adding to the quantity and value of the whole. 9. Pensions of Retreat see Morn Chron 10th april 1821. African Company Debate. 10. Compensation pensions on reform.

The sources or modes, actual and customary, of wasteful expenditure, may be distinguished into two classes, having quantity for their mark of distinction, viz. Wholesale and Retail. The wholesale may again be distinguished into those which are essential to the form of Government and those which, howsoever congenial, are incidental to it.

The matter of wasteful expenditure, essential to the form of Government is in the case of an absolute monarchy the difference between the pay of the Monarch, and the least pay sufficient for the President of a Representative Democracy.

In the case of a limited Monarchy, it is that same /the above/ quantity with the addition of the quantity employed in the works of corruption and delusion: coruption, applied more immediately to the representatives of the people: delusion, applied more efficiently and needfully to the people themselves.

[xxxvi. 36]

1821. June 1 st

First Lines

Constitution Finance

Pensions of Retreat

th.

In the first place, these source of waste and corruption - Pensons of retreat, may be stated as being altogether needless: and to say that what is thus disposed of is given needlessly /needless/ is to say that it is given in waste.

Allowances is thus made may either be made with certainty, in virtue of general rules applied to all individual cases, or incidentally for special cause assigned in each individual case. To the first case, preferably at least if not exclusively apply the observations following.

Labour applied directly to a man's own use, or indirectly in exchange for an /equall/ equivalent given by an individual in return for it, is one source of subsistence: labour employed for an equivalent in the service of government, that is of the public at large, is another source. In the first case, generally speaking, no such allowance of reward after service has ceased has place. First, in the case of him whose subsistence is derived from dealings with the public at large, as in the case of a wholesale or retail trader, a Master Manufacturer, an artizan, or a Manufacturer, it is impossible. In the case of habitual service rendered by contract to an individual, there is no custom for it. The case of incapacity produced by age or disease, is a case equally open to expectancy in both instances. From the time of his embarking in his profit - seeking occupation, a man makes for all such contingencies such provision as his means enable him to make, and his prudence disposed him to make. For the securing to individuals any such extraordinary supply at the expence of the public there is, if there be any difference, less demand in the case of an occupation pursued by the rendering of service to the public for hire, than in the case of him whose subsistence, as above, is derived from commercial dealings with individuals.

[xxxvi. 37]

1821. June 1 st.

First Lines

Constitution Finance

In the case of a public functionary, a man's income is compleatly certain: certain as to its existence, certain as to its quantity: in the other case, it is altogether uncertain in both respects.

In /In those/ Among Profit-seeking occupations at large there are those to a great extent in the whole in which, by the nature of the occupation, men are exposed to the capacity of deriving subsistence from that or any other source. With the single exception of military service by land or water, no such exposure has place in the case of public functionaries.*

[xxxvi. 38]

1821. June 1.

First Lines

Constitutional Finance

Note.

If there were a case affording a proper exception to this rule, it should naturally be that of a man occupying a judicial office. One day, the conversation happening to touch upon this subject, a distinguished functionary of the Anglo-american United States mentioned to me as a case that had fallen within his own knowledge that of a judge who, by a stroke of the palsy, had been reduced to a state of complete helplessness. Well: and what was the provision made for him? none at all: there was no fund for it. What no fund for such a case? no: for there is no need of it. no need of it? no: and thereupon came an intonation of the principle that has been seen in the text.

[xxxvi. 39]

1821. April 19. 1822 Aug 9

Constitut. Code

First Lines

On Corruption

\PS\1. corruption what

Taken in the most extensive sense of which it is susceptible - corruption - political corruption - may be said to have place in any case in so far as in consequence of the state of the law in any respect, the interest of any member of the community being placed /finding itself/ in a state of opposition to the interest of the greatest happiness of the greatest number, he yields to the force of that sinister interest, and, by so doing, gives, or endeavours to give, advancement to that same sinister interest, doing, at the same time by that same act, disservice to that same universal interest /to a greater amount/.

In a narrower /less ample/ and more ordinary sense, the use of the word corruption - political corruption - is confined to the case where the individual is considered as standing in the situation of a public functionary.

In a country subject to a mixt monarchy, or to any government in the composition of which, a body of men, considered as representatives of the whole or any part of the body of the people have a share, it is commonly /most/ employed in a still less ample sense, being confined to the case where the individual in question is considered in the character - either of a repesentative of the people, or of a person possessing a vote in the election of some such representative