1821 July 9.
Codification Offer
'.9
IV. Encouragement of Fine Arts.
Suppose no such encouragement afforded: what would be the consequence? that there would be no fine arts? that the fine arts would not be cultivated? No: but that they would be cultivated at the expence of those who /to whom/ in the way /shape/ of amusement or otherwise derive profit from hence /they are of use/, and not at the expence of those who have /to whom they are of/ none.
1821 July 10
'.9
2. Factitious mischievous
III. Factitious Dignity
Superseded by p.5?
The manner in which this cause operates and becomes productive of its effects and amongst them those several opinions is truly curious
Go on
[xxxvi. 72]
1821 July 26
First Lines
Constitutional
Monarchy
Monarch [...?] and
subjects
No Monarch ever has been or ever will be to whom his subjects taken collectively [...?/...?/] and been objects of hatred and contempt: hatred for the injury he is doing them by his existence, and for the [...?] which in indeterminate /unlimited/ multitudes he feels /is sensible/ that they can not but feel at the contemplation of that injury: contempt for their submission to that course of all comprehensive and never-failing injury. This [...?] affection every word he hears from them with whom he is surrounded and contributes at all times to confirm in him. It is for him they were made: and they have the [...?] to think and act as if they had been made for themselves: every word he hears from them about him encreases in giving strength in for mind at the expence of the results to the self-regarding and antisocial appetites. This [...?] of [...?] in him but the [...?] of wisdom with justice.
The affection has more of contempt anf hatred in it according as the Monarchy /in the former/ is on the one hand absolute and on the other hand is less limited, and according as they are acquiescent /compleatly selfless/ no man is left [...?] under the yoke.
No Monarch ever has been or ever will be, whom when affections towards his subjects taken collectively had /have had/ as much kindness in them as those towards his dogs and horses. From no dog of his nor from any horse of his has to war had any thing to fear: and from his subjects he has at all times had every thing to fear. From his earth he gets at all times as much as he wants: from his subjects he gets at no time as much as he wants.
What? and by his very situation is a Monarch every Monarch effectually benefit of all round sympathy? no not altogether: howsoever the /by/ matchless independence of his /that/ situation the quantity of it can not but be more or less diminished. But this kindly affection whatsoever there is of it, his subjects what are they than [...?] for it? They are all the worse. From /of/ this sympathy comes the final bounty /beneficence/: and it is at the expence /and no pleasure [...?]/ of his subjects that /can/ this virtue be exercised.
[xxxvi. 73]
1821 July 26
First Lines
Constitutional Monarchy
Monarch [...?] and [...?] subjects
It is his interest that taken collectively his subjects be as opulent as possible: and
thus far the interest of the Monarch and the intrest of his subjects [...?]: thus far he
may say with truth: your interests are mine /in a moment /[...?]/ much [...?] and more
/ever/ [...?]/. But it is his interest that he himself be as opulent as possible: and to
make any the smallest addition to his own happiness that he is not content to sacrifice:
by /in/ that interest which is [...?] to himself [...?] than which he has in the
universal interest is continually approved and as continually overpowered. Of /In/ this
preponderance may be seen the cause of most of the wars with which the species has been
afflicted.
It is his interest that his subjects be in the good care just as it is in the interest
of the Grazier that his oxen be in good care: then the interest no [...?...?] thetwo
legged than the other does the four legged animals from being slaughtered.
Never [...?] in the course of his 60 years reign did George the third with his
sovereinty accomplish from the people to pay his debts.* The trader who by miserable
misfortune /[...?] misfortune without the smallest cause of reproach [...?] at the time
of [...?]/ is rendered individual, is thereby rendered in a greater or less degree an
object of discontent: still more, and in an [...?...?] of the like misfortune has place
/comes upon him/ a second time. The [...?] of George the third wre in every instance the
result of his own [...?/...?/] without the smallest [...?] of misfortune No money could
be offered without his [...?]: and he was notoriously vigilant [...?] as well as
functional in the giving of it. He made profit by his wars uncommon profit to himself
and family: [...?] the [...?] of [...?]: and he took care to [...?] himself from loss:
[...?] the exemption given to his [...?] property or Government [...?] - in the funds as the phrase is.
*[...?] afforded in the cross. of a debate /the House of Commons/ in the Spring of 1821
/say [...?] in [...?]: probably on the subject of the budget or grant to Royal
family
1821 July 26
First Lines
Constitutional Monarchy
Monarch hates & contemns subjects
By men, whose interest is diametrically and unalterably opposed to theirs to whom they are constantly and universally and irremediably /unalterably/ objects of contempt and hatred how long will a people, having any pretence to the title of rational /attribute of rationality/ endure to be governed? This question - at what time, on what occasion, should it ever be out of mind?
[xxxvi. 77]
1821. May 8.
Constitut. Code
First Lines.
Constitutional
/First principles
Self-preference/
If self preference be the universal condition of human existence - if, in the instance of every man invested with political power, proportioned to the plenitude of it wil be the energy of his endeavours to seek /effect/ the advancement of his own interest at the expence and to the sacrifice of every other interest, the more constantly repeated on the part of the Government in question the assumption is acted upon, the more adverse to the greatest happiness of the greatest number will of course be the general frame and tenor of such Government.
The more surely adverse to the interest of the subject many in the country in question the interest of the ruling one or the ruling few is, the more useful is the labour of him whose endeavour it is to persuade the subject many of this important truth: and the more important /highly/ it is their interest to be persuaded of this truth, and, on every favourable occasion, to act accordingly.
[xxxvi. 78]
1822 July 21
Constitut. Code
Introduction
Preface
Rationale
Principle of self preference principle.
Greatest happiness do
Practice-declaring - Duty-declaring
Problem to render self preference subsertvient to greatest happiness. [...? ...? ...? ...?]
Such as it is, the present legislative draught is the first in point of time the first to /in/ which any such appendage /additament/ as a Rationale was ever inserted. Now that it does exist /an example of it is in existence/ The utility of its existence will not be matter of dispute: of its non-existence hitherto two causes may be assigned. In every government not having for its object the greatest happiness of the greatest number, want of inclination and want of ability together /both/. In a government having for its object the greatest happiness of the greatest number, on the part of the leading class, namely the lawyer class want of inclination as to all three branches of the Pannomion except the Constitutional branch, and in relation to all three branches, and even in that branch in particular want of ability: want of that anticipation of ability which being necessary even to the bare endeavour is still more plainly so to correspondent success
Nor and such want of ability /the deficiency/ be considered an object of surprise. Where /Wherever adequate/ motives are wanting action will be wanting likewise: physical desires out of the question where motives are wanting, desires are naturally wanting likewise: and with desires endeavours. The quantity of labour necessary has been such as to fill up the ordinary capacity of a whole life: and in return for this burthen what was the benefit that could by any one be expected?
[xxxvi. 79]
1822 July 21
Constitut. Code
Introduction
Preface
Rationale
Thus much as to legislature and legislative draughts In regard to /the situation/ expositive and commentative the absence of every thing in the shape of a rationale has not been thus entire. In Fragments of the sort of work have been seen in abundance. Of a rationale yes? but of what sort? Of a sort which perhaps not altogether without truth may be pronounced worse than useless. Instead of giving existence to the arrangements, the rationale has derived its existence from them. In the breast of the ruler self interest has given birth /existence/ to the arrangements: in the breast of the commentator self interest has again given birth to the rationale. To the only right and proper problem which the case admitts of has been substituted a sinister /an opposite/ one. Right and proper problem - To ascertain in each case that arrangement which is in the highest degree contributory to the greatest happiness of the greatest number. Sinister problem which has almost infinitely been substituted. The arrangements in each case being given, what is required is to prove them to approach in the highest degree to what they ought to be: to be in the highest degree contributory to the greatest happiness of the greatest number, as to any other object or end in view which under existing circumstances has in the highest degree the approbation of those whose hands is in the greatest quantity the disposal of the matter of reward in all its branches
[036-088v]
1821. Nov r. 28.
Codification Proposal
'.9. Draughtsman Gratuitous.
I. On the part of the workmen, inaptitude in the shape in which it stands opposed to appropriate moral aptitude.
1. Be they who they may, the patron or patrons will be exposed to the influence, not to say subject to the dominion, of sinister interests and prejudices. This has been shown in Section the fifth. The dependent or protigo (for in English though we have the thing, we have not the name) will be under the dominion of these same interests and prejudices, and to these the draught will endeavour to give effect, with the addition of any such of his own as he thinks he can venture to steal in.
II. On the part of the workman, inaptitude not only in the above shape, but in all shapes: in those in which it stands opposed to the two other elements of appropriate aptitude, namely appropriate intellectual aptitude and appropriate active talent.
The pay is a determinate and tangible object: an object to the value of which every eye is sensible: those of the patron or patrons, be they who they may, among the rest. In comparison of this - in competition with this - the goodness of the service, where it is in any degree an object, will generally speaking be at best a secondary one. The appointment, or the vote towards the appointment, will accordingly be given - not to the individual who is regarded as being likely to render the best service, if it be before the work is done, or as having rendered it, if it be after the work is done - but to the individual, whom, whether on his the patron's own account, or on the account of some connection of his, it will be most agreeable to him to see thus served.
III. On the part of the work, on the one hand comparative inaptitude through precipitation, or on the other hand needless and useless delay up to final non-execution, according to the mode in which the pay is connected with the looked-for service.
Apply the pay in one way, the work suffers for want of time to do it well in: apply the pay in another way, the work lingers, and for a time more or less considerable, the benefit of it is lost: apply it again in another way, the pay is continually received, and the work never executed.
1. The work suffers for want of time to execute it in - if, a time being fixed, after which no draught shall be received, the interval allowed is not sufficient for giving to the work that
degree
[Sheet attached to xxxvi. 101]
Thoughts on Economy as applied to Office - or Constitut Code.
14 Apr. 1822
Preference in favour of the powerful and rich - the Causes.
Virtue as height in the scales of power and opulence directly. Cause of this error
1. Power of do as instruments of corruption. They procure false evidence in [...?] affirmation of excellence. Patrons obtain groundless laud of Clients
2. Power of do as instruments of fascination
3. De mortuis nil nisi bonum: its influence on biography: biography is eulogium: the biographized belong to the ruling few: bonum mortuis is bonum vivis [...?]
4. By small expence in proportion to income the rich obtain great laud for beneficence: by encrease of maleficence on a large scale they obtain reputation of benevolence
5. Rich sole customers of artists: hence artists slaves and panegyrists of the rich
6. Notice that in political discussion it is injurious to impute bad motives: ie to predicate self-preference. Yes: to impute these exclusively to A. or B: not if there were no ill-grounded laud[?]. Not injurious if imputed to them in common with all public men: nor, while the habit of ascribing special excellence to A and B. continues.